iTunes

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

iTunes
Developer(s)Apple Inc.
Initial releaseJanuary 9, 2001; 23 years ago (2001-01-09)
Stable release
12.13.1.3 / December 15, 2023; 3 months ago (2023-12-15)
Operating system
(latest version)
Platform
SuccessorFor media:
TV
Music
Podcasts
For device management:
Finder (macOS)
Apple Devices (Windows)
Size400 MB
Type
LicenseFreeware
Websiteitunes.com

iTunes (/ˈt(j)nz/ EYE-t(y)oonz)[1] is a software program that acts as a media player, media library, mobile device management utility, and the client app for the iTunes Store. Developed by Apple Inc., it is used to purchase, play, download, and organize digital multimedia, on personal computers running the macOS and Windows operating systems, and can be used to rip songs from CDs, as well as play content with the use of dynamic, smart playlists. Options for sound optimizations exist, as well as ways to wirelessly share the iTunes library.

iTunes was originally announced by Apple CEO Steve Jobs on January 9, 2001. iTunes' original and main focus was music, with a library offering organization and storage of Mac users' music collections. With the 2003 addition of the iTunes Store for purchasing and downloading digital music, and a version of the program for Windows, it became a ubiquitous tool for managing music and configuring other features on Apple's line of iPod media players, which extended to the iPhone and iPad upon their introduction. Onwards from 2005, Apple expanded on the core music features of iTunes with support for digital video, podcasts, e-books, and mobile apps purchased from the iOS App Store. Since the release of iOS 5 in 2011, these devices have become less dependent on iTunes, though it can still be used to back up their contents.

Though well received in its early years, iTunes received increasing criticism for a bloated user experience, which incorporated features beyond its original focus on music. Beginning with Macs running macOS Catalina and Windows 11 PCs, iTunes was replaced by separate apps, namely Music, Podcasts, and TV, with Finder and Apple Devices taking over the device management capabilities.[2][3][4] This change did not affect iTunes running on Windows or older macOS versions.[5]

In February of 2024, most features of iTunes for Windows has been split into Apple TV, Music and Apple Devices. When the apps are installed, iTunes is still used for podcasts and audiobooks. [6]

History[edit]

SoundJam MP, released by Casady & Greene in 1999, was renamed "iTunes" when Apple purchased it the next year. The primary developers of the software moved to Apple as part of the acquisition, and simplified SoundJam's user interface, added the ability to burn CDs, and removed its recording feature and skin support.[7][8] The first version of iTunes, promotionally dubbed "World's Best and Easiest To Use Jukebox Software",[9] was announced on January 9, 2001.[10] Subsequent releases of iTunes often coincided with new hardware devices, and gradually included support for new features, including "smart playlists", the iTunes Store, and new audio formats.[10]

Platform availability[edit]

Apple released iTunes for Windows on October 16, 2003.[11]

On April 26, 2018, iTunes was released on Microsoft Store for Windows 10,[12] primarily to allow it to be installed on Windows 10 devices configured to only allow installation of software from Microsoft Store.[13] Unlike Windows versions for other platforms, it is more self-contained due to technical requirements for distribution on the store (not installing background helper services such as Bonjour), and is updated automatically through the store rather than using Apple Software Update.[14]

Music library[edit]

iTunes features a music library. Each track has attributes, called metadata, that can be edited by the user, including changing the name of the artist, album, and genre, year of release, artwork, among other additional settings.[15][16] The software supports importing digital audio tracks that can then be transferred to iOS devices,[17] as well as supporting ripping content from CDs.[18][19] iTunes supports WAV, AIFF, Apple Lossless, AAC, and MP3 audio formats.[20] It uses the Gracenote music database to provide track name listings for audio CDs. When users rip content from a CD, iTunes attempts to match songs to the Gracenote service. For self-published CDs, or those from obscure record labels, iTunes would normally only list tracks as numbered entries ("Track 1" and "Track 2") on an unnamed album by an unknown artist, requiring manual input of data.[21]

File metadata is displayed in users' libraries in columns, including album, artist, genre, composer, and more.[22] Users can enable or disable different columns, as well as change view settings.[23]

Special playlists[edit]

Introduced in 2004,[24] "Party Shuffle" selected tracks to play randomly from the library, though users could press a button to skip a song and go to the next in the list.[25] The feature was later renamed "iTunes DJ",[26] before being discontinued altogether, replaced by a simpler "Up Next" feature that notably lost some of "iTunes DJ"'s functionality.[27]

Introduced in iTunes 8 in 2008, "Genius" can automatically generate a playlist of songs from the user's library that "go great together".[28] "Genius" transmits information about the user's library to Apple anonymously, and evolves over time to enhance its recommendation system. It can also suggest purchases to fill out "holes" in the library.[29] The feature was updated with iTunes 9 in 2009 to offer "Genius Mixes", which generated playlists based on specific music genres.[30][31]

"Smart playlists" are a set of playlists that can be set to automatically filter the library based on a customized list of selection criteria, much like a database query. Multiple criteria can be entered to manage the smart playlist.[32] Selection criteria examples include a genre like Christmas music, songs that haven't been played recently, or songs the user has listened to the most in a time period.[33]

Library sharing[edit]

Through a "Home Sharing" feature, users can share their iTunes library wirelessly.[34] Computer firewalls must allow network traffic, and users must specifically enable sharing in the iTunes preferences menu. iOS applications also exist that can transfer content without Internet.[35] Additionally, users can set up a network-attached storage system, and connect to that storage system through an app.[36]

Sound processing[edit]

iTunes includes sound processing features, such as equalization, "sound enhancement" and crossfade. There is also a feature called Sound Check, which normalizes the playback volume of all songs in the library to the same level.[37][38]

Online music functionality[edit]

iTunes Store[edit]

Introduced on April 28, 2003, The iTunes Music Store allows users to buy and download songs, with 200,000 tracks available at launch. In its first week, customers bought more than one million songs.[39] Music purchased was protected by FairPlay, an encryption layer referred to as digital rights management (DRM).[40] The use of DRM, which limited devices capable of playing purchased files,[41] sparked efforts to remove the protection mechanism.[42] Eventually, after an open letter to the music industry by CEO Steve Jobs in February 2007,[43] Apple introduced a selection of DRM-free music in the iTunes Store in April 2007,[44] followed by its entire music catalog without DRM in January 2009.[45]

iTunes in the Cloud and iTunes Match[edit]

In June 2011, Apple announced "iTunes in the Cloud", in which music purchases were stored on Apple's servers and made available for automatic downloading on new devices. For music the user owns, such as content ripped from CDs, the company introduced "iTunes Match", a feature that can upload content to Apple's servers, match it to its catalog, change the quality to 256kbit/s AAC format, and make it available to other devices.[46][47]

Internet radio, iTunes Radio and Apple Music[edit]

When iTunes was first released, it came with support for the Kerbango Internet radio tuner service.[48] In June 2013, the company announced iTunes Radio, a free music streaming service.[49] In June 2015, Apple announced Apple Music, a subscription-based music streaming service, and subsequently integrated iTunes Radio functionality. Music tracks provided by Apple Music via iTunes are available at up to 256 kbit/s AAC fidelity. The Apple Music app also integrates Apple Music 1, a live music radio station.[50]

Other features[edit]

Video[edit]

In May 2005, video support was introduced to iTunes with the release of iTunes 4.8,[51][52] though it was limited to bonus features part of album purchases.[53] The following October, Apple introduced iTunes 6, enabling support for purchasing and viewing video content purchased from the iTunes Store.[54] At launch, the store offered popular shows from the ABC network, including Desperate Housewives and Lost, along with Disney Channel series That's So Raven and The Suite Life of Zack & Cody. CEO Steve Jobs told the press that "We're doing for video what we've done for music — we're making it easy and affordable to purchase and download, play on your computer, and take with you on your iPod."[54]

In 2008, Apple and select film studios introduced "iTunes Digital Copy", a feature on select DVDs and Blu-ray discs allowing a digital copy in iTunes and associated media players.[55][56][57]

Podcasts[edit]

The icon used by Apple to represent a podcast

In June 2005, Apple updated iTunes with support for podcasts.[58][59] Users can subscribe to podcasts, change update frequency, define how many episodes to download and how many to delete.[59]

Similar to songs, "Smart playlists" can be used to control podcasts in a playlist, setting criteria such as date and number of times listened to.[60]

Apple is credited for being the major catalyst behind the early growth of podcasting.[61]

Apps[edit]

On July 10, 2008, Apple introduced native mobile apps for its iOS operating system. On iOS, a dedicated App Store application served as the storefront for browsing, downloading, updating, and otherwise managing applications, whereas iTunes on computers had a dedicated section for apps rather than a separate app.[62] In September 2017, Apple updated iTunes to version 12.7, removing the App Store section in the process.[63][64] iTunes 12.6.3 was released the following month, retaining App Store functionality, with 9to5Mac noting that the secondary release was positioned by Apple as "necessary for some businesses performing internal app deployments".[65][66]

iTunes U[edit]

In May 2007, Apple announced the launch of "iTunes U" via the iTunes Store, which delivers university lectures from top U.S. colleges.[67][68] With iTunes version 12.7 in August 2017, iTunes U collections became a part of the Podcasts app.[69] On June 10, 2020, Apple formally announced that iTunes U would be discontinued at the end of 2021.[70]

Apple mobile device connectivity[edit]

iTunes was required to activate early iPhone and iPad devices. Beginning with the iPhone 3G in June 2008, activation did not require iTunes, making use of activation at point of sale.[71] Later iPhone models are able to be activated and set-up on their own, without requiring the use of iTunes.

iTunes also allows users to backup and restore the content of their Apple mobile devices, such as music, photos, videos, ringtones and device settings,[72] and restore the firmware of their devices. However, as of iTunes 12.7, apps can no longer be purchased and installed using iTunes.[64]

Ping[edit]

With the release of iTunes 10 in September 2010, Apple announced iTunes Ping, which CEO Steve Jobs described as "social music discovery". It had features reminiscent of Facebook, including profiles and the ability to follow other users.[73] Ping was discontinued in September 2012.[74]

Criticism[edit]

Security[edit]

The Telegraph reported in November 2011 that Apple had been aware of a security vulnerability since 2008 that would let unauthorized third parties install "updates" to users' iTunes software. Apple fixed the issue before the Telegraph's report and told the media that "The security and privacy of our users is extremely important", though this was questioned by security researcher Brian Krebs, who told the publication that "A prominent security researcher warned Apple about this dangerous vulnerability in mid-2008, yet the company waited more than 1,200 days to fix the flaw."[75]

Software bloat[edit]

iTunes has been repeatedly accused of being bloated as part of Apple's efforts to turn it from a music player to an all-encompassing multimedia platform.[63][76][77][78][79] Former PC World editor Ed Bott accused the company of hypocrisy in its advertising attacks on Windows for similar practices.[80]

The role of iTunes has been replaced with independent apps, Apple Music, Apple Podcasts, and Apple TV; with iPhone, iPod, and iPad management integrated into the Finder starting with macOS 10.15 Catalina, and appearing as Apple Devices starting with Windows 11.[citation needed]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, p. 427, ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0
  2. ^ Carman, Ashley (June 3, 2019). "Apple breaks up iTunes, creates separate Podcasts, TV, and Music apps for macOS". The Verge. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved June 3, 2019.
  3. ^ Roettgers, Janko (June 3, 2019). "Apple Is Officially Killing iTunes, Replacing It With Three Dedicated Media Apps". Variety. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved June 3, 2019.
  4. ^ "Apple to replace iTunes for Windows with Music, TV, and Devices apps". GSMArena.com. January 13, 2023. Retrieved January 30, 2023.
  5. ^ Spangler, Todd (June 3, 2019). "Apple's iTunes Store, iTunes App for Windows Aren't Going Away". Variety. Archived from the original on November 24, 2021. Retrieved June 3, 2019.
  6. ^ "Apple Officially Splits iTunes for Windows Into Apple Music, TV, and Devices Apps". MacRumors. February 7, 2024. Retrieved February 8, 2024.
  7. ^ Seff, Jonathan (May 1, 2001). "The Song Is Over for SoundJam". Macworld. International Data Group. Archived from the original on April 2, 2019. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  8. ^ Levy, Steven (2006). The Perfect Thing: How the iPod Shuffles Commerce, Culture, and Coolness. Simon and Schuster. pp. 47–49. ISBN 978-0-7432-9391-4.
  9. ^ Cheng, Jacqui (November 23, 2012). "iTunes through the ages". Ars Technica. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on December 17, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  10. ^ a b McElhearn, Kirk (January 9, 2016). "15 years of iTunes: A look at Apple's media app and its influence on an industry". Macworld. International Data Group. Archived from the original on December 17, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  11. ^ "Apple Launches iTunes for Windows". Apple Newsroom. Apple Inc. October 16, 2003. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  12. ^ Warren, Tom (April 26, 2018). "iTunes is now available in the Microsoft Store for Windows 10". The Verge. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
  13. ^ Warren, Tom (May 11, 2017). "Apple is bringing iTunes to the Windows Store". The Verge. Vox Media. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  14. ^ "Apple iTunes: Standalone vs. Microsoft Store Edition". ElcomSoft blog. January 23, 2019. Archived from the original on October 16, 2020. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
  15. ^ Elliott, Matt (April 30, 2014). "Clean up and organize your iTunes music library". CNET. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on December 17, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  16. ^ Miller, Dan (February 13, 2014). "How I edit track metadata in iTunes". Macworld. International Data Group. Archived from the original on December 17, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  17. ^ Costello, Sam (October 4, 2017). "How to Import Downloaded Music to iTunes". Lifewire. Dotdash. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  18. ^ Costello, Sam (June 13, 2017). "Use iTunes to Copy CDs to Your iPhone or iPod". Lifewire. Dotdash. Archived from the original on January 11, 2023. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  19. ^ Breen, Christopher (January 12, 2011). "How to rip CDs with iTunes". Macworld. International Data Group. Archived from the original on December 17, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  20. ^ McElhearn, Kirk (April 14, 2016). "The complete guide to using iTunes with lossless audio". Macworld. International Data Group. Archived from the original on January 11, 2023. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  21. ^ Costello, Sam (March 28, 2017). "What To Do When iTunes Doesn't Have CD Names for Your Music". Lifewire. Dotdash. Archived from the original on July 11, 2018. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  22. ^ Bove, Tony. "How to browse iTunes by artist and album". For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  23. ^ Bohon, Cory (August 21, 2015). "How to change iTunes playlist view". TechRadar. Future plc. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  24. ^ Snell, Jason (April 28, 2004). "iTunes 4.5: Hits and Misses". Macworld. International Data Group. Archived from the original on December 17, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  25. ^ McElhearn, Kirk (February 5, 2007). "Doing the iTunes shuffle". Macworld. International Data Group. Archived from the original on December 17, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  26. ^ Hahn, Jason Duaine (January 10, 2015). "Happy Birthday, iTunes: Here's How Apple's Media App Has Changed Over 14 Years". Complex. Verizon Hearst Media Partners. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  27. ^ Costello, Sam (February 9, 2017). "Using the Up Next Feature in iTunes". Lifewire. Dotdash. Archived from the original on January 11, 2023. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  28. ^ Chartier, David (September 9, 2008). "Apple rocks out, announces new iPods, iTunes 8". Ars Technica. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on December 17, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  29. ^ Dumas, Daniel (September 9, 2008). "Let's rock: Apple unveils new iPod, Genius playlists, HDTV, NBC". Wired. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on January 11, 2023. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  30. ^ Cox, Tim (September 9, 2009). "Tip: Update Genius in iTunes 9 to Access Genius Mixes". Cult of Mac. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  31. ^ Sande, Steven (September 11, 2009). "iTunes 9 Genius Mixes: You don't need to be a genius to create 'em". Engadget. Oath Inc. Archived from the original on December 17, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  32. ^ Gardiner, Bryan (September 3, 2013). "Use Smart playlists to keep your iPhone filled with your newest music". Wired. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on December 26, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  33. ^ Trapani, Gina (February 13, 2008). "Top 10 iTunes Smart Playlists". Lifehacker. Univision Communications. Archived from the original on January 11, 2023. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  34. ^ Rawlinson, Nik (June 13, 2012). "How to share your iTunes music library on a home network". CNET. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  35. ^ Prindle, Drew (April 4, 2013). "How to share your iTunes library". Digital Trends. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  36. ^ Whitney, Lance (February 16, 2017). "How to Share Your iTunes Library Among Multiple Devices". PC Magazine. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  37. ^ Kessler, Topher (December 4, 2012). "How to improve sound quality in iTunes". CNET. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  38. ^ McElhearn, Kirk (June 6, 2016). "How to tweak your sound in iTunes and on iOS devices". Macworld. International Data Group. Archived from the original on December 17, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  39. ^ Chen, Brian X. (April 28, 2010). "April 28, 2003: Apple opens iTunes Store". Wired. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on November 29, 2020. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  40. ^ Dilger, Daniel Eran (February 26, 2007). "How FairPlay Works: Apple's iTunes DRM Dilemma". RoughlyDrafted. Archived from the original on September 27, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  41. ^ Hamilton, Dave (September 2, 2015). "How iTunes Movie DRM-Removal Software Keeps Me Honest". The Mac Observer. Archived from the original on December 6, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  42. ^ Tanous, Jim (September 2, 2015). "The iTunes DRM Removal Saga: NoteBurner and a Look Back at Requiem". TekRevue. Archived from the original on December 20, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  43. ^ Kim, Arnold (February 6, 2007). "Steve Jobs 'Thoughts on Music' – Asks for No Digital Rights Management". MacRumors. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  44. ^ Arrington, Michael (April 2, 2007). "EMI, Apple To Sell DRM-Free Music for $1.29/song". TechCrunch. Oath Inc. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  45. ^ Johnson, Bobbie (January 6, 2009). "Apple drops DRM copy protection from millions of iTunes songs". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 4, 2014. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  46. ^ Ziegler, Chris (June 6, 2011). "iTunes in the Cloud beta available today, iTunes Match lets you 'upload' the tracks you already own for $24.99 a year". The Verge. Vox Media. Archived from the original on September 20, 2018. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  47. ^ Myers, Courtney Boyd (June 6, 2011). "iTunes Match: Apple announces its cloud based music service". The Next Web. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  48. ^ Gray, Tyler (September 18, 2013). "Why Apple's iTunes Is Still Fundamentally Flawed, Even In iOS 7". Fast Company. Mansueto Ventures. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  49. ^ Gross, Doug (June 11, 2013). "Apple arrives (late?) to music streaming with iTunes Radio". CNN. Turner Broadcasting System. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  50. ^ Popper, Ben; Singleton, Micah (June 8, 2015). "Apple announces its streaming music service, Apple Music". The Verge. Vox Media. Archived from the original on March 30, 2020. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  51. ^ "iTunes 4.8 adds video support, Yorkdale store photos, more". AppleInsider. May 9, 2005. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  52. ^ "Apple releases iTunes 4.8". Macworld. Retrieved January 23, 2023.
  53. ^ Dormehl, Luke (May 9, 2017). "Today in Apple history: iTunes experiments with video downloads". Cult of Mac. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  54. ^ a b Honan, Mathew (October 12, 2005). "Apple Releases iTunes 6". Macworld. International Data Group. Archived from the original on December 17, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  55. ^ Frakes, Dan (January 22, 2008). "First Look: iTunes Digital Copy". Macworld. International Data Group. Archived from the original on December 17, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  56. ^ "Lionsgate joins Apple's Digital Copy for iTunes program". AppleInsider. March 10, 2008. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  57. ^ Hughes, Neil (September 22, 2017). "iTunes Digital Copy redemptions from non-4K Blu-rays appear to support 4K streaming on new Apple TV". AppleInsider. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  58. ^ Naughton, Pete (June 14, 2015). "The 10 best ever podcasts". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  59. ^ a b Farivar, Cyrus (June 28, 2005). "iTunes 4.9 First Look: Apple takes on Podcasting". Macworld. International Data Group. Archived from the original on December 17, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  60. ^ Schramm, Mike (February 1, 2008). "How to: Create a smart podcast playlist in iTunes". Engadget. Oath Inc. Archived from the original on December 17, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  61. ^ "Podcasting is Going Mainstream". Forbes. Archived from the original on May 23, 2020. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
  62. ^ Friedman, Lex (July 8, 2013). "The App Store turns five: A look back and forward". Macworld. International Data Group. Archived from the original on December 17, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  63. ^ a b Welch, Chris (September 12, 2017). "Apple starts cutting the bloat from iTunes by removing iOS App Store". The Verge. Vox Media. Archived from the original on December 13, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  64. ^ a b Smith, Jake (September 13, 2017). "Apple's iTunes removes iOS App Store from desktop version". ZDNet. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on December 14, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  65. ^ Mayo, Benjamin (October 9, 2017). "Apple still offers an iTunes version with App Store, Ringtones and other features removed in 'focused' iTunes 12.7". 9to5Mac. Archived from the original on December 17, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  66. ^ Hardwick, Tim (October 9, 2017). "Apple Quietly Releases iTunes 12.6.3 With Built-In App Store". MacRumors. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  67. ^ Cohen, Peter (May 30, 2007). "iTunes U comes to the iTunes Store". Macworld. International Data Group. Archived from the original on December 17, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  68. ^ McNulty, Scott (May 30, 2007). "iTunes U comes to the iTunes Store". Engadget. Oath Inc. Archived from the original on December 17, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  69. ^ Hardwick, Tim (August 21, 2017). "iTunes U Collections Will Move to Apple Podcasts From September". MacRumors. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  70. ^ "iTunes U – June 2020 Update". Apple Support. Archived from the original on October 24, 2020. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
  71. ^ Geller, Jonathan (June 9, 2008). "iPhone 3G: the details you never wanted to know". BGR. Penske Media Corporation. Archived from the original on July 19, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  72. ^ Krasnoff, Barbara (September 15, 2021). "How to back up your iPhone with or without iCloud". The Verge. Archived from the original on May 25, 2022. Retrieved May 25, 2022.
  73. ^ Albanesius, Chloe (September 1, 2010). "Apple Goes Social with 'Ping' Inside iTunes 10". PC Magazine. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on December 17, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  74. ^ Moscaritolo, Angela (September 13, 2012). "Apple Shutting Down iTunes Ping on Sept. 30". PC Magazine. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  75. ^ Williams, Christopher (November 24, 2011). "Apple iTunes flaw 'allowed government spying for 3 years'". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  76. ^ Wang, Amy (April 28, 2016). "iTunes is 13 years old—and it's still awful". Quartz. Atlantic Media. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  77. ^ Lovejoy, Ben (July 28, 2015). "Opinion: iTunes is now so clunky the only safe solution is to nuke it from orbit". 9to5Mac. Archived from the original on December 17, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  78. ^ Meyer, Robinson (July 29, 2015). "iTunes Really Is That Bad". The Atlantic. Emerson Collective. Archived from the original on December 17, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  79. ^ Gilbertson, Scott (November 5, 2008). "The top ten reasons iTunes sucks". Wired. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on December 17, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  80. ^ Bott, Ed (October 3, 2008). "Slimming down the bloated iTunes installer". ZDNet. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.

External links[edit]